Reproducible research with sensitive and restricted data 

Lars Vilhuber

2026-03-18

Disclaimer

The opinions expressed in this talk are solely the authors, and do not represent the views of the American Economic Association, or any of the funding agencies.

Who am I?

Lars Vilhuber

Executive Director of the Labor Dynamics Institute and Senior Research Associate in the Economics Department at Cornell University, and the American Economic Association’s Data Editor.

Journals

Data Editor of the AEA

2791 Manuscripts and 4470 Reports, approx. 5000 authors reached.

DCAP

Why?

Why reproducibility?

• Credibility
• Transparency (openness)
• Efficiency of scholarly discourse?

Why reproducibility?

• Early publications (20th century) contained tables of data, and the math was simple (maybe)
• Data became electronic, was no longer included or cited
• Math was transcribed to code, and was no longer included

AER 1911

Increasing broad consensus in academia

• FAIR principles
• Data Citation Principles
• Computational Reproducibility

FAIR Principles

FAIR:

• Findable
• Accessible
• Interoperable
• Reusable

Data Citation Principles

To make it findable,

¹

Data and Code Transparency in Economics

Transparency

• Provenance of the data
• Processing of the data, from raw data to results (code)

It is the policy of the American Economic Association to publish papers only if the data used in the analysis are clearly and precisely documented and access to the data and code is clearly and precisely documented and is non-exclusive to the authors.

Completeness

• All data needs to be identified and and access described
• All code needs to be described and provided
• All materials must be provided (survey forms, etc.)

Authors … must provide, prior to acceptance, the data, programs, and other details of the computations sufficient to permit replication

Preservation

• All data needs to be preserved for future replicators
  • Ideally, within the replication package, subject to ToU, for convenience
  • Otherwise, in a trusted repository

Preservation

• Code must be in a trusted repository
  • Usually, within the replication package
  • Websites, Github, are not acceptable

Historically

AER 1911 thanks to Stefano Dellavigna

Modern preservation

Exceptions to the Policy

None

…

… there is a grey zone:

• When data do not belong to researcher, no control over preservation, access!
• Sometimes, ToU prevent researcher from revealing metadata (name of company, location)

Transparency again

• However:
  • No exception for need to describe access (own and other)
  • No exception for need to fully describe processing (possibly with redacted code)

Reproducibility in Economics and beyond

Data Editors

• American Economic Association (8)
• Econometric Society (3)
• Canadian Journal of Economics (1)
• Royal Economic Society (2)
• Western Economic Association International (1)
• European Economic Association (1)
• Review of Economic Studies (1)
• Journal of the European Economic Association (1)
• Journal of Political Economy (3)

Common policies

https://social-science-data-editors.github.io/

Elsewhere: Political Science

APSR

AJPS

Elsewhere: Sociology

Sociological Science

What is…

What is a replication package?

A Replication Package is

• Code
• Data
• Materials (for surveys, experiments, …)
• Instructions on how to obtain data not included
• Instructions on how to combine it all
• Known issues documented

Complies with…

• AEA Data and Code Availability policy
• Data and Code Availability Standard .

AEA policy

Is stored in…

• AEA Data and Code Repository
• Other trusted repositories

Tenets of the Policy

• Transparency
• Completeness
• Preservation

Best practices?

Summing up

• Why
  • Credibility
  • Transparency (openness)
  • Efficiency of scholarly discourse ([example])
• How
  • FAIR principles
  • Data Citation Principles
  • Computational Reproducibility

• As Replication Packages
  • Code
  • Data
  • Materials (for surveys, experiments, …)
  • Instructions on how to obtain data not included
  • Instructions on how to combine it all
  • Known issues documented

Who?

Who?

• 🐇 Authors at conditional acceptance
• 🐢 Authors at submission
• 🐁 Authors at beginning of project

• 👴🏻👵🏽 Experienced researchers
• 👶🏽👶🏻 Junior researchers
• 👨‍🎓👩‍🎓 Ph.D. students
• 🧒👦 Undergraduates

Best practices?

Summing up

• Why
  • Credibility
  • Transparency (openness)
  • Efficiency of scholarly discourse ([example])
• How
  • FAIR principles
  • Data Citation Principles
  • Computational Reproducibility

• As Replication Packages
  • Code
  • Data
  • Materials (for surveys, experiments, …)
  • Instructions on how to obtain data not included
  • Instructions on how to combine it all
  • Known issues documented

Who?

Who?

• 🐇 Authors at conditional acceptance
• 🐢 Authors at submission
• 🐁 Authors at beginning of project

• 👴🏻👵🏽 Experienced researchers
• 👶🏽👶🏻 Junior researchers
• 👨‍🎓👩‍🎓 Ph.D. students
• 🧒👦 Undergraduates

Benefits

Science: Building on the work of others

Roth, Jonathan. 2022. “Pretest with Caution: Event-Study Estimates after Testing for Parallel Trends.” American Economic Review: Insights 4 (3): 305–22. DOI: 10.1257/aeri.20210236

Notes: “I exclude 43 papers for which data to replicate the main event-study plot were unavailable.”

Roth 2022

Science: Building on the work of others: dCdH 2020

de Chaisemartin, Clément, and Xavier D’Haultfœuille. 2020. “Two-Way Fixed Effects Estimators with Heterogeneous Treatment Effects.” American Economic Review 110 (9): 2964–96. DOI: 10.1257/aer.20181169

The results from various other papers are recomputed to empirically demonstrate the relevance of the proposed methods.

dCdH 2020

Personal!

Consider yourself, new project now, but

• in 5 years, R&R at a top journal!
• 😠 darn, this thing worked last year, when I submitted!
• 😨 I have no idea how to run this code, and the author (ME 5 years ago!) is not responsive!
• 😊 Oh, I have an RA, and I can hand this off!
• 😄 I found my README, and it explains everything!

How?

How to create reproducible research?

Habits

• Reproducibility from Day 1
• Adopt reproducible habits
• Take notes when you do things, not after
• Use version control

Tools

• Use Template README
• Learn programming techniques that help streamline processing
• Save files and tables programmatically

Strategy

Computational empathy: think of the next person to run this - It could be you in 5 years!

Other topics?

Choices

• Issue No. 1: Data Access and preservation 💥 [a]
• Issue No. 2: Confidential data - same ⬆️! [a] [b]
• Lifecycle checking: Self-checking reproducibility and presentation
• New challenges: AI and Big Data but same ⬆️!
• New methods: Transparency outsourced or certified
• Implementation in academia: Students!

Any further thoughts?

Pearls Before Swine

Thank you

Appendix

Resources

README

Lars Vilhuber, Connolly, M., Koren, M., Llull, J., & Morrow, P. (2022). A template README for social science replication packages (v1.1). Social Science Data Editors. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7293838

You can download the Word, LaTeX, or Markdown version of the README with lots of examples.

Other guidance

• Presentation on “Self Checking Reproducibility” and its associated website

• Guidance when (some) data are confidential: https://labordynamicsinstitute.github.io/reproducibility-confidential/

• Guidance for citations: https://social-science-data-editors.github.io/guidance/addtl-data-citation-guidance.html

Extra info

• This document’s source: https://github.com/larsvilhuber/syracuse-seminar-2026-slides
• Licensed under

Sources

• Images: NYT, Bluesky 1, 2, Ike Hayman/Wikimedia

Transparency elsewhere

Transparency outsourced

• Cornell’s R-squared
• cascad
• World Bank

Transparency outsourced

• A third party conducts the reproducibility, not you, not me.
• Need to common understanding, protocols, etc.
• AEA’s protocol
• We do this about a dozen times per year

Transparency outsourced

Why should I believe the third party?

• Trust
• Transparency
• Common methods

Transparency certified

trace

Transparency certified

• Providing information about the computing platforms themselves, including specific details about how computational transparency is supported.
• Packaging and signing resulting artifacts along with records of their execution using a standard format.

Applications

• R-squared, cascad, World Bank!
• FSRDC? IRS?
• Meta data?

Footnotes

1. Data Citation Synthesis Group: Joint Declaration of Data Citation Principles. Martone M. (ed.) San Diego CA: FORCE11; 2014 https://www.force11.org/group/joint-declaration-data-citation-principles-final